La guerra es una actividad que escapa al plano militar por donde normalmente es vehiculada. Es una actividad inherentemente política y dotada de una lógica propia, una lógica de transformación bien distinta de la aproximación lineal con la que se manejan los asuntos cotidianos. La guerra es una realidad social que precisa ser estudiada científicamente; de la ignorancia, al igual que sucede en cualquier enfermedad, no se desprende nada bueno.

La guerra no es una actividad necesariamente sangrienta, pero sí necesariamente política. Esta, en tanto que actividad del espíritu y sentimiento, anida en las mentes de quienes toman parte en ella. En el mundo del siglo XXI el incremento de relaciones e intereses compartidos hace difícil que las guerras puedan ser totales; lo que existe es una zona gris en la que se plasma la rivalidad de los diferentes actores en planos concretos. Narrativas e imágenes son fundamentales como herramientas de (...) persuasión política. En este sentido también son elementos del _Soft Power_, entre ellas la Historia, que puede ser instrumentada como la mejor de las narrativas. Estas permiten controlar la agenda informativa y, a su vez, la realidad, así como crear los sobreentendidos que sirven a las Relaciones Internacionales y ayudan a la implementación de las políticas. El dominio cultural y, sobre todo, la cinematografía son elementos claves en tal propósito, porque no importan los hechos tanto como su percepción, su memoria y recuerdo. (shrink)

El autor de este artí-culo, que ya ha publicado con ante-rioridad otros dedicados a la misma temática, expone aquí la legisla-ción general de la Iglesia sobre este delicado y complejo tema, que tanta repercusión ha tenido y está teniendo en la actualidad: describe el cambio de actitud de la Iglesia cató-lica frente a estos comportamientos delictivos de sus clérigos y religiosos, y analiza los cambios operados tanto en la legislación general de la Iglesia como en las disposiciones reciente-mente adoptadas por (...) algunas Confe-rencias Episcopales para responder más eficaz y rápidamente ante estas dolorosas situaciones. Las medidas adoptadas por la Iglesia abarcan tres grandes campos: el de la preven-ción de estas situaciones mediante la debida formación y selección de los candidatos, atención a sus nece-sidades, formación permanente, etc. (shrink)

Recorrido breve por su obra, con motivo de su fallecimiento.

Carl Schmitt está de moda. Sin embargo, pocos conocen su faceta de organizador de congresos antisemitas 1. Muchos alaban la finura de sus análisis, el poder descriptivo de sus conceptos, su estilo literario, su carácter de jurista polémico. No sólo se trata de una proliferación de lectores entre los más jóvenes, sino de un reconocimiento por parte de los más afamados y de un uso un tanto miope de sus conceptos (por ejemplo, la idea de estado de excepción, su idea (...) de constitución material 2, etc.). (shrink)

In this article I explore some topics of the philosophy of law of Julius Binder. More specifically, I explore the relation and compatibility of his ideas with national-socialism. In the first part of the article I analyze the neo- Kantian approach underlying to his philosophy. Subsequently I analyze his turn towards neo- Hegelianism. In the last sections I address the philosophical concept of nation that this author defended and I search for its links with both national- socialism and Hegelian philosophy. (...) My final conclusion is that Hegel is not responsible for the use of his theories made by some Nazi authors such as Julius Binder. (shrink)

En reseña de: Clavero, Bartolomé, España, 1978. Amnesia constituyente. Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2013.

A hemi-implicative lattice is an algebra $(A,\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1)$ of type (2, 2, 2, 0) such that $(A,\wedge,\vee,1)$ is a lattice with top and for every $a,b\in A$, $a\rightarrow a = 1$ and $a\wedge (a\rightarrow b) \le b$. A new variety of hemi-implicative lattices, here named sub-Hilbert lattices, containing both the variety generated by the $\{\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1\}$ -reducts of subresiduated lattices and that of Hilbert lattices as proper subvarieties is defined. It is shown that any sub-Hilbert lattice is determined (up to isomorphism) by (...) a triple (_L_, _D_, _S_) which satisfies the following conditions: _L_ is a bounded distributive lattice, _D_ is a sublattice of _L_ containing 0, 1 such that for each $a, b \in L$ there is an element $c \in D$ with the property that for all $d \in D$, $a \wedge d \le b$ if and only if $d \le c$ (we write $a \rightarrow _D b$ for the element _c_), and _S_ is a non void subset of _L_ such that _S_ is closed under $\rightarrow _D$ and _S_, with its inherited order, is itself a lattice. Finally, the congruences of sub-Hilbert lattices are studied. (shrink)

Es reseña de:Federico Fernández-Crehuet López: Hegel bajo la esvástica. La filosofía jurídica de Karl Larenz y Julius Binder, Granada, Comares, 2017, 126 páginas. Federico Fernández-Crehuet López: El Leviathan franquista. Notas sobre la teoría del Estado bajo la Dictadura, Granada, Comares, 2017, 98 páginas.

El autor realiza un amplio recorrido sobre los estudios del transporte público en Santiago, analizado como un tema de calidad de vida. Para ello ocupa una metodología y estadísticas de elaboración propia a partir de información contenida en dos diarios nacionales. Se concluye que el servicio está por debajo de lo mínimamente aceptable, generando múltiples problemas e incomodidades a los usuarios, llevando esto a una presión por el incremento de la adquisición de vehículos particulares.

RESUMENMoviéndose por caminos siempre complejos, la obra de Georges Bataille perdura como una de las más originales del pensamiento francés del siglo XX, donde su influencia ha sido inmensa. El presente artículo quiere mostrar el importante rol que jugarán en su obra las nociones de lo sagrado y de experiencia interior. Dicha experiencia, elemento central para entender su concepción de la religión, representará para Bataille la puesta en tela de juicio de todo lo conocido, pero también la íntima comunicación, ajena (...) al discurso racional, que se establece entre el mundo profano y el mundo sagrado.PALABRAS CLAVESAGRADO, EXPERIENCIA INTERIOR, COMUNICACIÓN, SACRIFICIO, MUERTE.ABSTRACTThe work of Georges Bataille, moving through complex paths, remains as one of the most original works of the twentieth-century French thought, where his influence has been immense. This article aims to show the important role that the notions of sacred and inner experience will play in his work. This experience, the central element for understanding his conception of religion, will represent to Bataille the putting into question all the known, but also the intimate communication, foreign to rational discourse, which is set between the profane and the sacred world. KEYWORDSSACRED, INNER EXPERIENCE, COMMUNICATION, SACRIFICE, DEATH. (shrink)

El presente artículo trata de enmarcar la economía social y solidaria en el seno del actual debate producto de la crisis económica vigente, haciendo especial hincapié en las cuestiones relacionadas con los bienes comunes y la gestión democrática. La crisis presente ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de proponer modelos socio-económicos alternativos que aúnen democracia, compromiso social y sostenibilidad del medio ambiente. La economía social y solidaria, sin ser un programa homogéneo, está contribuyendo a proponer respuestas a algunos de los (...) problemas actuales en materia de desempleo e integración social, revalorizando en los procesos económicos, no sólo los intercambios mercantiles, sino también los intereses sociales y los recursos naturales.This article aims to enlighten the importance ofsolidary and social economy in the present discussion, whose importance has increased as a result of the current economic crisis, making a special emphasis on subjects such as commons goods and democratic management. The crisis has brought up the need for alternative socio-economical management models which must combine democracy, social commitment and environmental sustainability. Solidary and social economy, without being a homogeneous program, are proposing answers to some of the present problems related to unemployment and social integration, contributing to increase the value of economic processes, not only in commercial exchanges, but also the social interest and natural resources. (shrink)

El despido intempestivo ha sido uno de los causales con mayor incidencia en el tema laboral, debido que el patrono no establece condiciones claras de la desvinculación, por lo que, se vulnera los derechos de los trabajadores. Elaborar un documento de análisis jurídico crítico que evidencie como la incidencia del despido intempestivo vulnera los derechos laborales Constitucionales en el Ecuador. El artículo fue una revisión sistemática con un diseño transversal. Para la busqueda de información se utilizó las principales platafomas digitalez (...) con evidencia científica en el campo jurídico, además de establecer criterios de inclusión y exclusión para obtener la información con mayor relevancia al estudio. De acuerdo con los casos analizados se evidenció que los despidos intempestivos se los realiza sin una justificación clara, que motive la desvinculación del trabajador vulnerando su derecho a tener una estabilidad laboral, un trabajo digno. A pesar de que la Constitución y las leyes laborales establecen claras protecciones para los trabajadores, la realidad demuestró que estas normativas no siempre se aplican de manera efectiva, lo que no solo socava el derecho a la estabilidad laboral y un trabajo digno, sino que también limita el acceso a la justicia, afectando el bienestar tanto económico como psicoemocional de los dependientes, destacando la necesidad urgente de fortalecer los mecanismos de protección laboral, garantizando la aplicación rigurosa de las leyes existentes en Ecuador. (shrink)

Modern societies increasingly show more egalitarian attitudes related to sexism and gender equality. However, there is still an important gender gap in wages and professions as well as in expectations surrounding male and female characteristics. Developmental studies carried out from an ecological perspective confirm that these influences come from the closest environments (mainly family and school) but also from more distant systems such as media or cultural values. As children are socialized in these norms and values, they increasingly internalize those (...) schemes and use them to judge others, to choose friends and playmates, and to construct expectations of them. On this basis, the aim of this study was to examine the degree of gender bias internalization in a group of Spanish children. Two tasks were applied to a group of 149 public school boys and girls (aged 4–9 years). Results showed that, already from an early age, the participants had internalized traditional gender roles, especially when asked to assign masculine attributes. Moreover, group differences were found given that boys seemed to be more aware of expectations surrounding masculinity and girls assigned the attributes associated with femininity to women more often than boys. Furthermore, a developmental pattern similar to one obtained in previous studies was observed. Younger children already apply gender roles as part of their increasing acquisition of knowledge in the social field, but there is a big increase in the strength of this bias as they grow older. Psychological and educational implications of these findings are discussed, especially considering that the male gender role seems to be more rigid and less malleable. In this regard, developmental and environmental studies should be considered when designing early intervention programs to reduce sexism and to promote equity in schools and families. As research has already shown what type of environments affect children’s acquisition of traditional gender roles, society must make an effort to promote more egalitarian environments that will serve as protective factors in their future psychological, social and professional development. (shrink)

Se trata de una reseña del libro de Martha C. Nussbaum. La tradición cosmopolita. Un noble e imperfecto ideal, Traducción de Albino Santos Mosquera. Barcelona: Paidós, 336 páginas.

La historia económica es una materia muy amplia. En muchos países, momentos y lugares diferentes en el mundo de hoy suelen dictarse cursos muy diversos sobre determinados aspectos económicos de la historia. Los programas incorporan referencias sobre la evolución agrícola en tal o cual zona y período, el desarrollo industrial, la relación entre aspectos tecnológicos y sociales a través de la historia y en fin, distintas materias de interés que conforman este amplio campo al que nos referimos...

El autor analiza el concepto ‘calidad de vida’ en su conexión con el de “desarrollo económico”, señalando que refieren a una campo similar, pero que el primero se ha impuesto debido probablemente a la creciente influencia de los medios modernos de comunicación. Analiza luego las múltiples temáticas asociadas a este concepto, y el valor de el concepto como horizonte de logro. Recorre luego el desarrollo teórico de este concepto, y completa su trabajo con las referencias al tema en la prensa (...) de la Región Metropolitana. Concluye con una invitación al diálogo por un mundo mejor. (shrink)

The dual stream model of the human and non-human primate visual systems remains Leslie Ungerleider's (1946-2020) most indelible contribution to visual neuroscience. In this model, a dorsal "where" stream specialized for visuospatial representation extends through occipitoparietal cortex, whereas a ventral "what" stream specialized for representing object qualities extends through occipitotemporal cortex. Over time, this model underwent a number of revisions and expansions. In one of her last scientific contributions, Leslie proposed a third visual stream specialized for representing dynamic signals related (...) to social perception. This alteration invites the question: What is a visual stream, and how are different visual streams individuated? In this article, we first consider and reject a simple answer to this question based on a common idealizing visualization of the model, which conflicts with the complexities of the visual system that the model was intended to capture. Next, we propose a taxonomic answer that takes inspiration from the philosophy of science and Leslie's body of work, which distinguishes between neural mechanisms, pathways, and streams. In this taxonomy, visual streams are superordinate to pathways and mechanisms and provide individuation conditions for determining whether collections of cortical connections delineate different visual streams. Given this characterization, we suggest that the proposed third visual stream does not yet meet these conditions, although the tripartite model still suggests important revisions to how we think about the organization of the human and non-human primate visual systems. (shrink)

We explore the distinctive characteristics of Mexico's society, politics and history that impacted the establishment of genetics in Mexico, as a new disciplinary field that began in the early 20th century and was consolidated and institutionalized in the second half. We identify about three stages in the institutionalization of genetics in Mexico. The first stage can be characterized by Edmundo Taboada, who was the leader of a research program initiated during the Cárdenas government (1934-1940), which was primarily directed towards improving (...) the condition of small Mexican farmers. Taboada is the first Mexican post-graduate investigator in phytotechnology and phytopathology, trained at Cornell University and the University of Minnesota, in 1932 and 1933, respectively. He was the first investigator to teach plant genetics at the National School of Agriculture and wrote the first textbook of general genetics, Genetics Notes, in 1938. Taboada's most important single genetics contribution was the production of "stabilized" corn varieties. The extensive exile of Spanish intellectuals to Mexico, after the end of Spain's Civil War (1936-1939), had a major influence in Mexican science and characterizes the second stage. The three main personalities contributing to Mexican genetics are Federico Bonet de Marco and Bibiano Fernández Osorio Tafall, at the National School of Biological Sciences, and José Luis de la Loma y Oteyza, at the Chapingo Agriculture School. The main contribution of the Spanish exiles to the introduction of genetics in Mexico concerned teaching. They introduced in several universities genetics as a distinctive discipline within the biology curriculum and wrote genetics text books and manuals. The third stage is identified with Alfonso León de Garay, who founded the Genetics and Radiobiology Program in 1960 within the National Commission of Nuclear Energy, which had been founded in 1956. The Genetics and Radiobiology Program rapidly became a disciplinary program, for it embraced research, teaching, and training of academics and technicians. The Mexican Genetics Society, created by de Garay in 1966, and the development of strains and cultures for genetics research were important activities. One of de Garay's key requirements was the compulsory training of the Program's scientists for at least one or two years in the best universities of the United States and Europe. De Garay's role in the development of Mexican genetics was fundamental. His broad vision encompassed the practice of genetics in all its manifestations. (shrink)

_"A stimulating history of how the imagination interacted with its sibling psychological faculties—emotion, perception and reason—to shape the history of human mental life."—_The __Wall Street Journal__ To imagine—to see what is not there—is the startling ability that has fueled human development and innovation through the centuries. As a species we stand alone in our remarkable capacity to refashion the world after the picture in our minds. Traversing the realms of science, politics, religion, culture, philosophy, and history, Felipe Fernández-Armesto reveals (...) the thrilling and disquieting tales of our imaginative leaps—from the first _Homo sapiens_ to the present day. Through groundbreaking insights in cognitive science, Fernández-Armesto explores how and why we have ideas in the first place, providing a tantalizing glimpse into who we are and what we might yet accomplish. Unearthing historical evidence, he begins by reconstructing the thoughts of our Paleolithic ancestors to reveal the subtlety and profundity of the thinking of early humans. A masterful paean to the human imagination from a wonderfully elegant thinker, _Out of Our Minds_ shows that bad ideas are often more influential than good ones; that the oldest recoverable thoughts include some of the best; that ideas of Western origin often issued from exchanges with the wider world; and that the pace of innovative thinking is under threat. (shrink)

OYOLA, Leandro; AGUIRRE, Max; REGGIANI, Federico; ZALAZAR, Fabián; y MOSQUITO, Ángel. Kryptonita. La historieta. Buenos Aires, Reservoir Books, 2019.] [AGRIMBAU, Diego; DELPECHE, Patricio; IPPÓLITI, Gabriel; GINEVRA, Dante; PIETRO; y FERNÁNDEZ, Gato. ¿Quién mató a Rexton? Buenos Aires, Hotel de las Ideas, 2018.

In this essay I address the question, “What is the subject matter of phenomenological research?” I argue that in spite of the increasing popularity of phenomenology, the answers to this question have been brief and cursory. As a result, contemporary phenomenologists lack a clear framework within which to articulate the aims and results of their research, and cannot easily engage each other in constructive and critical discourse. Examining the literature on phenomenology’s identity, I show how the question of phenomenology’s subject (...) matter has been systematically neglected. It has been overshadowed by an unending concern with phenomenology’s methodological identity. However, an examination of recent contributions to this literature reveals that a concern with articulating phenomenology’s subject matter has gradually increased, although such articulations remain preliminary. In light of this, I delineate, define, and illustrate three layers of phenomenological research, which I term “existentials,” “modes,” and “prejudices.” While the delineation of these layers is drawn primarily from classical phenomenological texts, they are defined and illustrated through the use of more contemporary literature. Following the articulation of this subject matter, I briefly consider some of the debates—both foundational and applied—that can be facilitated by the adoption of this framework. (shrink)

El libro está constituido por un conjunto de ensayos de carácter multidisciplinario sobre diferentes visiones del concepto de calidad de vida, presentados en una conferencia realizada en Helsinski durante el mes de julio de 1988 organizada por Martha Nussbaum y Amartya Sen. La obra probablemente constituye el resultado de un primer gran esfuerzo de carácter internacional por confrontar ideas entre filósofos, sociólogos, médicos y economistas con el objeto de replantear el concepto de desarrol..

Interview with Pierre Rosanvallon, conducted by Javier Fernández Sebastián, in Madrid, September 28, 2006.

The concept of vital force – the immanent energy that promotes the processes of life in the body and in nature – has proved a source of endless fascination and controversy. Indeed, the question of what vitalizes the body has haunted humanity since antiquity, and became even more pressing during the Scientific Revolution and beyond. Examining the complexities and theories about vital force in Spanish modernity, Nicolás Fernández-Medina's Life Embodied offers a novel and provocative assessment of the question of (...) bodily life in Spain. Starting with Juan de Cabriada's landmark Carta filosófica, médico-chymica of 1687 and ending with Ramón Gómez de la Serna's avant-gardism of the 1910s, Fernández-Medina incorporates discussions of anatomy, philosophy, science, critical theory, history of medicine, and literary studies to argue that concepts of vital force served as powerful vehicles to interrogate the possibilities and limits of corporeality. Paying close attention to how the body's capabilities were conceived and strategically woven into critiques of modernity, Fernández-Medina engages the work of Miguel Boix y Moliner, Martín Martínez, Diego de Torres Villarroel, Sebastián Guerrero Herreros, Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Pedro Mata y Fontanet, Ángela Grassi, Julián Sanz del Río, Miguel de Unamuno, and Pío Baroja, among others. Drawing on extensive research and analysis, Life Embodied breaks new ground as the first book to address the question of vital force in Spanish modernity. (shrink)